Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book
- ~1949
- Roberto Busa begins planning the Index Thomisticus[6]
- ~1963
- Doug Engelbart starts the NLS (and later Augment) projects
- ~1965
- Andries van Dam starts the HES (and later FRESS) projects, with assistance from Ted Nelson, and other faculty at Brown University[who?] develop and use electronic textbooks for poetry and biology.[citation needed]
- 1971
- Michael S. Hart types the US Declaration of Independence into a computer and launches Project Gutenberg to create electronic copies of more books.[20]
- 1978
- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy radio series launches (first novel published in 1979), featuring an electronic reference book containing all knowledge in the Galaxy (plus much more). Unlike real electronic books, this vast amount of data could be fit into something the size of a large paperback book, with updates received over the "Sub-Etha" (possibly a play on ethernet,[citation needed] which in turn is a play on the concept of the aether.[citation needed])
1980-1999
- 1985–1992
- Robert Stein starts Voyager Company Expanded Books and books on CD-ROM.
- 1990
- Eastgate Systems publishes the first hypertext fiction, "Afternoon, a story", by Michael Joyce, available on floppy disk.
- Electronic Book Technologies releases DynaText, the first SGML-based system for delivering large-scale books such as aircraft technical manuals. It was later tested on a US aircraft carrier as replacement for paper manuals, allowing the ship to rest 6" higher in the water.
- 1992
The DD8 Data Discman
- Sony launches the Data Discman electronic book reader.[46]
- Charles Stack's Book Stacks Unlimited begins selling new physical books online.
- 1992–1993
- F. Crugnola and I. Rigamonti design and create the first e-book reader, called Incipit, as a thesis project at the Politecnico di Milano.[47]
- 1993
- Digital Book, Inc. offers digital books on floppy disk in Digital Book Format(DBF).[citation needed]
- Hugo Award for Best Novel nominee texts published on CD-ROM by Brad Templeton.[citation needed]
- Bibliobytes, a project of free digital books online in Internet, launches.[citation needed]
- 1994
- C & M Online is founded in Raleigh, North Carolina and publishes e-books through its imprint, Boson Books. Authors include Fred Chappell, Kelly Cherry, Leon Katz, Richard Popkin, and Robert Rodman.
- 1995
- Amazon starts to sell physical books on the Internet.[48]
- Online poet Alexis Kirke discusses the need for wireless internet electronic paper readers in his article "The Emuse".[49]
- 1996
- Project Gutenberg reaches 1,000 titles. The target is 1,000,000.[citation needed]
- 1997
- E Ink Corporation is co-founded in 1997 by Joseph Jacobson, whose technology is later used to develop products like the Sony Reader, Barnes & Noble Nook, and Amazon Kindle.
- 1998
Cybook Gen1 as sold by Bookeen
- Kim Blagg obtained the first ISBN issued to an ebook[dubious ][50] and began marketing multimedia-enhanced ebooks on CDs through retailers including amazon.com, bn.com and borders.com. Shortly thereafter, through her company Books OnScreen, she introduced the ebooks at the Book Expo America in Chicago, IL to an impressed, but unconvinced bookseller audience.[citation needed]
- The first ebook readers[citation needed] - Rocket ebook and SoftBook - were introduced.
- The Cybook / Cybook Gen1 was sold and manufactured at first by Cytale (1998–2003) then by Bookeen.
- Websites began selling ebooks in English, such as eReader.com and eReads.com.[citation needed]
- 1999
- Baen Books opens up the Baen Free Library.[citation needed]
- Webscriptions (since renamed Baen Ebooks) starts selling Baen titles as unencrypted eBooks.
2000s
- 2000
- Microsoft Reader with ClearType technology.[citation needed]
- Stephen King offers his book Riding the Bullet as a digital file; it can only be read on a computer.[citation needed]
- Digital Book Index begins operation. DBI and the Online Books Page both organize electronic books from disparate sites into single, searchable indexes, creating large virtual libraries of ebooks.[citation needed]
- 2001
- Todoebook.com, the first website selling ebooks in Spanish.[citation needed]
- 2002
- Random House and HarperCollins start to sell digital versions of their titles in English.[citation needed]
- 2004
- Sony Librie, first ebook using e-ink.[citation needed]
- Google announces plans to digitize the holdings of several major libraries,[51] as part of what would later be called the Google Books Library Project.
- 2005
- Amazon buys Mobipocket.
- Google is sued for copyright infringement by the Authors Guild for scanning books still in copyright.[52]
- 2006
- Sony Reader with e-ink.[citation needed]
- LibreDigital launched BookBrowse as an online reader for publisher content.[citation needed]
- BooksOnBoard, one of the largest independent ebookstores,[citation needed] opens and sells ebooks and audiobooks in six different formats.[citation needed]
- 2007
The larger Kindle DX with a Kindle 2 for size comparison
- Amazon launches Kindle in US.
- Bookeen launches Cybook Gen3 in Europe.
- 2008
- Adobe and Sony agree to share their technologies (Adobe Reader and DRM).[citation needed]
- Sony sells the Sony Reader PRS-505 in UK and France.
- BooksOnBoard is first to sell ebooks for iPhones.[citation needed]
- 2009
- Bookeen releases the Cybook Opus in the US and in Europe.
- Sony releases the Reader Pocket Edition and Reader Touch Edition.
- Amazon releases the Kindle 2.
- Amazon releases the Kindle DX in the US.
- Barnes & Noble releases the Nook in the US.
2010s
- 2010
- Amazon releases the Kindle DX International Edition worldwide.
- Bookeen reveals the Cybook Orizon at CES.[53]
- TurboSquid Magazine announces first magazine publication using Apple's iTunes LP format, however, this project was cancelled before it reached the market.[citation needed]
- Apple releases the iPad with an e-book app called iBooks. Between its release in April 2010 to March 2011, Apple had sold 15 million iPads.{[54]
- Kobo Inc. releases its Kobo eReader to be sold at Indigo/Chapters in Canada and Borders in the United States.
- Amazon reports that its ebook sales outnumbered sales of hardcover books for the first time ever during the second quarter of 2010.[39]
- Amazon releases the third generation Kindle, available in 3G+Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi versions.
- BeBook releases the BeBook Neo, first e-reader in Europe with Wi-FI.[citation needed]
- Kobo Inc. releases an updated Kobo eReader, which now includes Wi-Fi.
- Barnes & Noble releases the new NOOK Color.
- Sony releases its second generation Daily Edition PRS-950.[citation needed]
- Google launches Google eBooks
- PocketBook expands its line with an Android ereader.[55]
- 2011
- Amazon.com announces in May that its e-book sales in the US now exceed all of its printed book sales.[56]
- Barnes & Noble releases the NOOK Simple Touch ereader[57] and NOOK Tablet
- Bookeen launches its own e-books store, BookeenStore.com, and starts to sell digital versions of titles in French.[58]
- Nature Publishing publishes Principles of Biology, a customizable, modular textbook, with no corresponding paper edition.
- The e-reader market grows in Spain, and companies like Telefónica, Fnac, and Casa del Libro (the most important Spanish bookshop[citation needed]) launches their e-readers with the Spanish brand bq readers.
- Amazon launches the Kindle Fire and Kindle Touch.
- 2012
- PocketBook starts selling PocketBook Touch, an e-ink Pearl eReader, winning awards from German magazines Tablet PC and Computer Bild.[non-primary source needed][59][60]
- Kbuuk released the cloud-based eBook self-publishing SaaS platform[61] on the Pubsoft digital publishing engine.
- Apple releases iBooks Author, software for creating iPad e-books to be directly published in its iBooks bookstore or to be shared as PDF files.[62]
- Apple opens a textbook section in its iBooks bookstore.[63]
- The publishing companies Random House, Holtzbrinck, and arvato get an e-book library called Skoobe on the market.[64]
- US Department of Justice prepares anti-trust lawsuit against Apple, Simon & Schuster, Hachette Book Group, Penguin Group, Macmillan, and HarperCollins, alleging collusion to increase the price of books sold on Amazon.[65][66]
- Amazon.com releases the Kindle Paperwhite, its first e-reader with a built-in light.
- Library.nu - previously called ebooksclub.org and gigapedia.com, a popular linking website for downloading ebooks - was accused of copyright infringement and shut down by court order on February 15, 2012.[67]
- Ebooks sold in the US market collects over 3 billion in revenue.[68]
- 2013
- Barnes & Noble releases the 7 and 8.9 inch NOOK HD. On April 27, 2013, the company posts losses of $475 million on its NOOK business for the prior fiscal year and in June 2013 announces its intention to discontinue manufacturing NOOK tablets (although Barnes & Noble stated it plans to continue making and designing black-and-white e-readers like the Nook Simple Touch, which "are more geared to serious readers, who are its customers, than to tablets".[69]
- The Association of American Publishers announces that ebooks now account for about 20% of book sales. Barnes & Noble estimates it has a 27% share of the U.S. e-books market.[69]
- Apple executive Keith Moerer testifies in the ongoing e-book price fixing trial that the iBookstore held approximately 20% of the ebook market share in the United States within the months after launch - a figure that Publishers Weekly reports is roughly double many of the previous estimates made by third parties. Moerer further testified that iBookstore acquired about an additional 20% by adding Random House in 2011.[70]
- Five major US e-book publishers, as part of their settlement of a price-fixing suit, will have to refund about $3 for every electronic copy of a New York Times best-seller that they sold from April 2010 to May 2012.[68] This could equal 160 million in settlement charges.
- Oyster launched as the first unlimited-access e-book subscription service.[71]
- 2014
- US District Court Judge Denise Cote granted class action certification to plaintiffs in a lawsuit over Apple's alleged e-book price conspiracy; the plaintiffs are seeking $840 million in damages.[72]
- Apple settles ebook antitrust case that alleged Apple conspired to ebook price-fixing out of court; however if Judge Cote's ruling is overturned then the settlement will be reversed.[73]
- Amazon.com launched Kindle Unlimited as a unlimited-access e-book and audiobook subscription service
http://www.fulltextarchive.com/
0 komentar:
Post a Comment